Anopheles Stephensi is resistant
to all classes of insecticides used against adult malaria vectors in eastern Africa.
THE invasive Anopheles Stephensi mosquito, which was first
was detected in Marsabit and Turkana in 2022, has now infested nearly the entire northern Kenya, public health officials report.
It has been confirmed in five additional counties and officials predict the mosquito
has spread to 12 other
counties at the coast, central, eastern and Rift Valley.
The finding is critical because stephensi is reported to be resistant
to all classes of insecticides used against adult malaria vectors in Kenya.
“In addition to the initial detections in Marsabit and
Turkana counties, the invasive vector was subsequently found in Mandera, Wajir,
Isiolo, Samburu, and Elgeyo Marakwet counties, indicating significant
geographic spread throughout northern Kenya,” the officials said in a new report, co-authored by researchers from the Ministry of Health’s National
Malaria Control Programme (NMCP), the Kenya Medical Research Institute (Kemri),
the University of Nairobi and 12 other institutions.
Researchers from these
institutions scouted for the Stephensi’s larvae in 18 counties mostly in
northern Kenya in 2023 and 2024.
The larvae were found in five new counties mostly
in discarded tyres, plastic containers, and water storage containers, along
major roads.
“It (finding)
highlights the contribution of the road network to its spread,” said co-author Dr Eric Ochomo, an entomologist with the Kemri, when the paper was first posted
as a preprint.
Stephensi is endemic
to India where it is the primary vector of urban
malaria. The World Health organization (WHO) said it is a highly efficient vector,
capable of transmitting both Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax malaria
parasites.
Unlike other mosquitoes, it thrives in urban environments
and can survive extreme temperatures, making it a significant threat to malaria
control and elimination efforts, particularly in Africa.
It was first detected in Africa in Djibouti 2012 where it was associated with
an exponential increase in malaria cases. Similarly, an increase in malaria
cases has been observed in Ethiopia since it was confirmed there in 2016.
It was then reported in Kenya (Turkana and Marsabit
counties) late 2022.
The Kenya Health Information System shows Turkana County now
has a malaria prevalence of 39 per cent compared to the national average of six
per cent, with the spike partly being blamed on Stephensi.
“The discovery of Anopheles stephensi in 2022 has led to
more cases being reported,” said Janerose Tioko, the county chief officer for preventive and promotive health,
in April this year.
Researchers who conducted the latest surveillance also
revealed their models show Anopheles stephensi could already be present or soon
establish itself in counties far beyond where it has been confirmed.
“The model predicts a greater extent of An. stephensi than
the current positive sites in Marsabit, Samburu, Turkana, Mandera, Wajir, and
Isiolo counties with overlaps in neighbouring counties including Tana River, Garissa, Kitui, Machakos,
Makueni, Kajiado, Taita Taveta, Tharaka Nithi, Embu, Meru, Baringo, and West
Pokot,” they said in their report, published on June 5 by Nature’s Scientific
Reports Journal.
It is titled, “Spatial distribution and population structure
of the invasive Anopheles stephensi in Kenya from 2022 to 2024.”
Other
institutions that participated are Pwani University, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust, University
of Oxford, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US President’s
Malaria Initiative, PMI Evolve Kenya, Duke University, Vestergaard
Frandsen (EA) Ltd, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, and Pan African
Mosquito Control Association.
Experts say the presence of stephensi in densely populated
urban areas could fundamentally alter the malaria landscape in Kenya.
They said
Kenya faces a potential shift toward year-round, urban malaria, a challenge
that existing rural-focused control programmes may not be equipped to handle.
“Unfortunately, the detection in Kenya, may translate
to higher malaria transmission in urban and peri urban settings in the country,
posing a serious threat that could reverse the gains made in the fight against
malaria,” Kemri said in a statement when stephensi was first detected in
Kenya late 2022.
“Our surveillance studies indicate that the new vector,
unlike the traditional malaria-causing mosquito namely anopheles gambie and
anopheles funfest, is not only invasive and can spread very fast to new areas,
but also adaptive to different climatic and environmental conditions,”
Kemri said.
Authors of the current report said the larvae collected in
northern Kenya showed strong genetic ties with populations in southern
Ethiopia.
“The mosquito populations are connected with those from
Ethiopia and other horn of Africa countries clearly indicating that mosquitoes
know no borders,” Dr Ochomo said in a post.
In 2023, Kenya recorded approximately 5.5 million to
5.6 million confirmed malaria cases, according to the Ministry of Health. The disease kills about 10,000 Kenyans every
year.
The last malaria survey indicated approximately six per cent
of the Kenyan population is infected with malaria at any given time, but the
prevalence jumps to as high as 39 per cent in Turkana County and 38 per cent
in Busia County.